Flag question: Question 1 Question 1 1 pts
In __________ we are trying to create situations in which a candidate feature fails one of the tests.
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Flag question: Question 2 Question 2 1 pts
Correlation is not a necessary condtion for causation, but it is a sufficient condition for causation.
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Flag question: Question 3 Question 3 1 pts
Determine the causal relationship in the following:
There is a positive correlation between U.S. spending on science, space, and technology (A) and suicides by hanging, strangulation, and suffocation (B).
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Flag question: Question 4 Question 4 1 pts
Determine the causal relationship in the following:
The girth of an adult’s waist (A) is negatively correlated with the height of her/his vertical leap (B).
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Flag question: Question 5 Question 5 1 pts
The height of the tree in our front yard (A) positively correlates with the height of the shrub in our backyard (B).
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Flag question: Question 6 Question 6 1 pts
Which problem does the following generalization have?
After attending college for a semester, Ben observes that all of his textbooks have been in e-text format. Ben generalizes that all of his textbooks for the entirety of his college career will be available in e-text.
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Flag question: Question 7 Question 7 1 pts
There is a negative correlation between the number of suicide bombings in the U.S. (A) and the number of hairs on a particular U.S. President’s head (B).
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Flag question: Question 8 Question 8 1 pts
Determine the causal relationship in the following:
There is a high positive correlation between the number of fire engines in a particular city in California (A) and the number of fires that occur there (B).
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Flag question: Question 9 Question 9 8 pts
Match each term to its appropriate meaning
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jointly sufficient
[ Choose ] base rate fallacy argument from analogy Relevant differences between two things being compared. necessary condition modesty Describes explanations that do not raise more questions than they answer. negatively correlated Smaller sample sizes will tend to have more extreme results. Two candidate features for which there is no case in which both candidates are present and yet the target is absent. As one variant decreases, the other decreases at a similar rate The tendency of things to go back to normal or to return to something close to the relevant average. Describes explanation that forces us to give up fewer well-established beliefs rather than more well-established beliefs. The probability that two, independent events will both occur. probability of disjunction
positively correlated
[ Choose ] base rate fallacy argument from analogy Relevant differences between two things being compared. necessary condition modesty Describes explanations that do not raise more questions than they answer. negatively correlated Smaller sample sizes will tend to have more extreme results. Two candidate features for which there is no case in which both candidates are present and yet the target is absent. As one variant decreases, the other decreases at a similar rate The tendency of things to go back to normal or to return to something close to the relevant average. Describes explanation that forces us to give up fewer well-established beliefs rather than more well-established beliefs. The probability that two, independent events will both occur. probability of disjunction
probability of conjunction
[ Choose ] base rate fallacy argument from analogy Relevant differences between two things being compared. necessary condition modesty Describes explanations that do not raise more questions than they answer. negatively correlated Smaller sample sizes will tend to have more extreme results. Two candidate features for which there is no case in which both candidates are present and yet the target is absent. As one variant decreases, the other decreases at a similar rate The tendency of things to go back to normal or to return to something close to the relevant average. Describes explanation that forces us to give up fewer well-established beliefs rather than more well-established beliefs. The probability that two, independent events will both occur. probability of disjunction
regression to the mean
[ Choose ] base rate fallacy argument from analogy Relevant differences between two things being compared. necessary condition modesty Describes explanations that do not raise more questions than they answer. negatively correlated Smaller sample sizes will tend to have more extreme results. Two candidate features for which there is no case in which both candidates are present and yet the target is absent. As one variant decreases, the other decreases at a similar rate The tendency of things to go back to normal or to return to something close to the relevant average. Describes explanation that forces us to give up fewer well-established beliefs rather than more well-established beliefs. The probability that two, independent events will both occur. probability of disjunction
conservativeness
[ Choose ] base rate fallacy argument from analogy Relevant differences between two things being compared. necessary condition modesty Describes explanations that do not raise more questions than they answer. negatively correlated Smaller sample sizes will tend to have more extreme results. Two candidate features for which there is no case in which both candidates are present and yet the target is absent. As one variant decreases, the other decreases at a similar rate The tendency of things to go back to normal or to return to something close to the relevant average. Describes explanation that forces us to give up fewer well-established beliefs rather than more well-established beliefs. The probability that two, independent events will both occur. probability of disjunction
depth
[ Choose ] base rate fallacy argument from analogy Relevant differences between two things being compared. necessary condition modesty Describes explanations that do not raise more questions than they answer. negatively correlated Smaller sample sizes will tend to have more extreme results. Two candidate features for which there is no case in which both candidates are present and yet the target is absent. As one variant decreases, the other decreases at a similar rate The tendency of things to go back to normal or to return to something close to the relevant average. Describes explanation that forces us to give up fewer well-established beliefs rather than more well-established beliefs. The probability that two, independent events will both occur. probability of disjunction
disanalogy
[ Choose ] base rate fallacy argument from analogy Relevant differences between two things being compared. necessary condition modesty Describes explanations that do not raise more questions than they answer. negatively correlated Smaller sample sizes will tend to have more extreme results. Two candidate features for which there is no case in which both candidates are present and yet the target is absent. As one variant decreases, the other decreases at a similar rate The tendency of things to go back to normal or to return to something close to the relevant average. Describes explanation that forces us to give up fewer well-established beliefs rather than more well-established beliefs. The probability that two, independent events will both occur. probability of disjunction
small numbers fallacy
[ Choose ] base rate fallacy argument from analogy Relevant differences between two things being compared. necessary condition modesty Describes explanations that do not raise more questions than they answer. negatively correlated Smaller sample sizes will tend to have more extreme results. Two candidate features for which there is no case in which both candidates are present and yet the target is absent. As one variant decreases, the other decreases at a similar rate The tendency of things to go back to normal or to return to something close to the relevant average. Describes explanation that forces us to give up fewer well-established beliefs rather than more well-established beliefs. The probability that two, independent events will both occur. probability of disjunction
Flag question: Question 10 Question 10 1 pts
Determine the causal relationship in the following:
There is a strong positive correlation between the number of traffic accidents on a particular highway (A) and the number of billboards featuring scantily-clad models (B).
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Flag question: Question 11 Question 11 1 pts
To calculate the probability of a disjunction you would subtract the probability that some event (A) will occur from 1.
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Flag question: Question 12 Question 12 1 pts
Identify which explanatory virtue is being violated in the following explanation:
Adam hires a team to install a security system. When Adam goes to check the system, he notices that the alarm system isn’t working. The security system foreman tells him that the work was done on time, so it must have been a group of robbers who showed up and took all of the installed equipment, but unfortunately since no one saw them and therefore, it can’t be proven that they did it, Adam will have to pay for the installation again.
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Flag question: Question 13 Question 13 1 pts
The number of gray hairs on an individual’s head (A) is positively correlated with the number of children or grandchildren they have (B).
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Flag question: Question 14 Question 14 1 pts
There are always multiple conditions called __________ that must be in place for any cause to occur.
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Flag question: Question 15 Question 15 1 pts
In Inductive arguments, adding more premises usually ensures that the probability the conclusion is true increases.
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Flag question: Question 16 Question 16 1 pts
Inferring a statistical generalization about a population from too few instances of that population is referred to as:
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Flag question: Question 17 Question 17 1 pts
We attribute the idea that the simplest explanation is the best one to:
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Flag question: Question 18 Question 18 1 pts
Independent, random events can be influenced by each other.
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